Late Mortality After Myocardial Injury in Critical Care Non-Cardiac Surgery Patients Using Machine Learning Analysis.

Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS) increases mortality within 30 days. We aimed to evaluate the long-term impact of myocardial injury in a large cohort of patients admitted to intensive care after noncardiac surgery. All patients who stayed, at least, overnight with measurement of high-sensitive cardiac troponin were included. Clinical characteristics and occurrence of MINS were assessed between patients who died and survivors using chi-square test and Student t test. Variables with p <0.01 in the univariate model were included in the Cox regression model to identify predictor variables. Survival decision tree (SDT), a machine learning model, was also used to find the predictors and their correlations. We included 2,230 patients with mean age of 63.8±16.3 years, with most (55.6%) being women. The prevalence of MINS was 9.4% (209 patients) and there were 556 deaths (24.9%) in a median follow-up of 6.7 years. Univariate analysis showed variables associated with late mortality, namely: MINS, arterial hypertension, previous myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, dementia, urgent surgery, peripheral artery disease (PAD), chronic health status, and age. These variables were included in the Cox regression model and SDT. The predictor variables of all-cause death were MINS (hazard ratio [HR] 2.21; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.77 to 2.76), previous myocardial infarction (HR 1.47; 95% CI 1.14 to 1.89); urgent surgery (HR 1.24; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.52), PAD (HR 1.83; 95% CI 1.23 to 2.73), dementia (HR 2.54; 95% CI 1.86 to 3.46) and age (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.06). SDT had the same predictors, except PAD. In conclusion, increased high-sensitive troponin levels in patients who underwent noncardiac surgery raised the risk of short and late mortality.

Echocardiogram in Critically ill Patients with COVID-19: ECOVID Study

Abstract Background Literature is scarce on echocardiographic characteristics of COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Objectives To describe echocardiographic characteristics of ICU COVID-19 patients and associate them with clinical signals/symptoms, laboratory findings and outcomes. Methods Patients with RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19, admitted to the ICU, who underwent echocardiography were included. Clinical characteristics associated with an abnormal echocardiogram (systolic ventricular dysfunction of any degree — left and/or right ventricle — and/or high filling pressures and/or moderate to severe pericardial effusion) were analyzed. Groups were compared using the Student's t-test, chi-square, and logistic regression. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 140 patients met inclusion criteria, and 74 (52.9%) had an abnormal echocardiogram. A low number of left and right ventricular systolic dysfunction was observed, and 35% of the population had a normal diastolic function. In the univariate analysis, characteristics associated with abnormal echocardiogram were age, chronic kidney disease, elevated troponin, previous heart failure, and simplified acute physiology score 3 (SAPS 3). In the regression model, troponin and SAPS3 score were independent markers of abnormal echocardiogram. An abnormal echocardiogram was associated with a higher prevalence of in-hospital death (RR 2.10; 95% CI 1.04-4.24) and orotracheal intubation (RR 2.3; 95% CI 1.14-4.78). Conclusions COVID-19 has little effect on ventricular function, but it is common to find increased filling pressures. Elevated serum troponin level and SAPS3 score were the independent markers of an abnormal echocardiogram. In addition, the prevalence of in-hospital death and need for mechanical ventilation were higher in patients with abnormal echocardiogram.

Mortality from Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction. / Mortalidade por Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Intermediária.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic importance of the classification 'heart failure (HF) with mid-range ejection fraction (EF)' remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical characteristics, comorbidities, complications, and in-hospital and late mortality of patients classified as having HF with mid-range EF (HFmrEF - EF: 40%-49%), and to compare them to those of patients with HF with preserved EF (HFpEF - EF > 50%) and with HF with reduced EF (HFrEF - EF < 40%) on admission for decompensated HF. METHODS: Ambispective cohort of patients admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit due to decompensated HF. Clinical characteristics, comorbidities, complications, and in-hospital and late mortality were assessed. The software R was used, with a 5% significance, for the tests chi-square, analysis of variance, Cox multivariate, and Kaplan-Meier survival curve, in addition to machine-learning techniques (Elastic Net and survival tree). RESULTS: 519 individuals were included between September 2011 and June 2019 (mean age, 74.87 ± 13.56 years; 57.6% were men). The frequencies of HFpEF, HFmrEF and HFrEF were 25.4%, 27% and 47.6%, respectively. Previous infarction was more frequent in HFmrEF. The mean follow-up time was 2.94 ± 2.55 years, with no statistical difference in mortality between the groups (53.8%, 52.1%, 57.9%). In the survival curve, there was difference between neither the HFpEF and HFmrEF groups, nor the HFpEF and HFrEF groups, but between the HFmrEF and HFrEF groups. Age over 77 years, previous HF, history of readmission, dementia and need for vasopressors were associated with higher late mortality in the survival tree. CONCLUSION: The EF was not selected as a variable associated with mortality in patients with decompensated HF.

FUNDAMENTO: A importância prognóstica da classificação 'insuficiência cardíaca (IC) com fração de ejeção (FE) intermediária' permanece incerta. OBJETIVO: Analisar as características clínicas, comorbidades, complicações e mortalidade hospitalar e tardia de pacientes classificados em IC com FE intermediária (ICFEi - FE: 40%-49%) e comparar às daqueles em IC com FE preservada (ICFEp - FE > 50%) e IC com FE reduzida (ICFEr - FE < 40%) na internação por IC descompensada. MÉTODOS: Coorte ambispectiva de pacientes internados por IC descompensada em unidade cardiointensiva. Foram avaliadas características clínicas, comorbidades, complicações e mortalidade hospitalar e tardia. Utilizou-se o software R, com significância de 5%, para a realização dos testes qui-quadrado, análises de variância, multivariada de Cox e curva de sobrevida de Kaplan Meier, além de técnicas de machine learning (Elastic Net, árvore de sobrevida). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 519 indivíduos entre setembro de 2011 e junho de 2019, com média da idade de 74,87±13,56 anos, sendo 57,6% homens. Observou-se frequência de ICFEp, ICFEi e ICFEr de 25,4%, 27% e 47,6%, respectivamente. O infarto prévio foi mais frequente na ICFEi. O tempo médio de seguimento foi 2,94±2,55 anos, sem diferença estatística da mortalidade entre os grupos (53,8%, 52,1% e 57,9%). Na curva de sobrevida, não houve diferença entre os grupos ICFEp e ICFEi, nem entre ICFEp e ICFEr, mas houve entre os grupos ICFEi e ICFEr. Idade maior que 77 anos, IC prévia, história de readmissão, demência e necessidade de vasopressores foram associadas com maior mortalidade tardia na árvore de sobrevida. CONCLUSÃO: A FE não foi selecionada como variável associada a mortalidade nos pacientes com IC descompensada.

Impact of High Cardiovascular Risk on Hospital Mortality in Intensive Care Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19. / Impacto do Alto Risco Cardiovascular na Mortalidade Hospitalar em Pacientes Internados em Terapia Intensiva por COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Some studies have shown a higher prevalence of deaths in patients with cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) during hospitalization for COVID-19. OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of high cardiovascular risk in patients hospitalized in intensive care for COVID-19. METHODS: Retrospective study with patients admitted to an intensive care unit, with a diagnosis of COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR, and with at least one troponin measurement during hospitalization. The criteria for defining high cardiovascular risk (HCR) patients were: history of established cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease), diabetes, chronic kidney disease with clearance < 60ml/min, or presence of 3 CRFs (hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, or age > 65 years). The primary outcome of this study is all-cause in-hospital mortality. P<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: This study included 236 patients, mean age = 61.14±16.2 years, with 63.1% men, 55.5% hypertensive, and 33.1% diabetic; 47.4% of the patients also presented HCR. A significant increase in mortality was observed as the number of risk factors increased (0 FRC: 5.9%; 1 FRC: 17.5%; 2 FRC: 32.2% and ≥3 FRC: 41.2%; p=0.001). In the logistic regression adjusted for severity (SAPS3 score), the HCR and myocardial injury group had a higher occurrence of in-hospital mortality (OR 40.38; 95% CI 11.78-138.39). Patients without HCR but with myocardial injury also exhibited a significant association with the primary outcome (OR 16.7; 95% CI 4.45-62.74). CONCLUSION: In patients hospitalized in intensive care for COVID-19, HCR impacts in-hospital mortality only in patients with myocardial injury.

FUNDAMENTO: Alguns estudos demonstraram uma maior prevalência de óbitos em portadores de fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRC) durante internação por COVID-19. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o impacto do alto risco cardiovascular em pacientes internados em terapia intensiva por COVID-19. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com pacientes admitidos em terapia intensiva, com diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19 por RT-PCR e com pelo menos uma dosagem de troponina durante a internação. Os critérios para definição de paciente de alto risco cardiovascular (ARC) foram: histórico de doença cardiovascular estabelecida (infarto, AVC ou doença arterial periférica), diabetes, doença renal crônica com clearance < 60ml/min ou presença de 3 FRC (hipertensão, tabagismo, dislipidemia ou idade > 65 anos). O desfecho primário deste estudo é mortalidade hospitalar por todas as causas. P<0,05 foi considerado significativo. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 236 pacientes, média de idade= 61,14±16,2 anos, com 63,1% homens, 55,5% hipertensos e 33,1% diabéticos. Um total de 47,4% dos pacientes apresentavam ARC. Observou-se um aumento significativo da mortalidade conforme aumento do número de fatores de risco (0 FRC: 5,9%; 1 FRC: 17,5%; 2 FRC: 32,2% e ≥3 FRC: 41,2%; p=0,001). Na regressão logística ajustada para gravidade (escore SAPS3), o grupo de alto risco cardiovascular e troponina elevada apresentou maior ocorrência de mortalidade hospitalar (OR 40,38; IC95% 11,78-138,39). Pacientes sem alto risco cardiovascular, mas com troponina elevada, também exibiram associação significativa com o desfecho primário (OR 16,7; IC95% 4,45-62,74). CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes internados em terapia intensiva por COVID-19, a presença de alto risco cardiovascular afeta a mortalidade hospitalar somente em pacientes que apresentaram elevação de troponina.

Impacto do Alto Risco Cardiovascular na Mortalidade Hospitalar em Pacientes Internados em Terapia Intensiva por COVID-19 / Impact of High Cardiovascular Risk on Hospital Mortality in Intensive Care Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19

Resumo Fundamento Alguns estudos demonstraram uma maior prevalência de óbitos em portadores de fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRC) durante internação por COVID-19. Objetivos Avaliar o impacto do alto risco cardiovascular em pacientes internados em terapia intensiva por COVID-19 Métodos Estudo retrospectivo com pacientes admitidos em terapia intensiva, com diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19 por RT-PCR e com pelo menos uma dosagem de troponina durante a internação. Os critérios para definição de paciente de alto risco cardiovascular (ARC) foram: histórico de doença cardiovascular estabelecida (infarto, AVC ou doença arterial periférica), diabetes, doença renal crônica com clearance < 60ml/min ou presença de 3 FRC (hipertensão, tabagismo, dislipidemia ou idade > 65 anos). O desfecho primário deste estudo é mortalidade hospitalar por todas as causas. P<0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados Foram incluídos 236 pacientes, média de idade= 61,14±16,2 anos, com 63,1% homens, 55,5% hipertensos e 33,1% diabéticos. Um total de 47,4% dos pacientes apresentavam ARC. Observou-se um aumento significativo da mortalidade conforme aumento do número de fatores de risco (0 FRC: 5,9%; 1 FRC: 17,5%; 2 FRC: 32,2% e ≥3 FRC: 41,2%; p=0,001). Na regressão logística ajustada para gravidade (escore SAPS3), o grupo de alto risco cardiovascular e troponina elevada apresentou maior ocorrência de mortalidade hospitalar (OR 40,38; IC95% 11,78-138,39). Pacientes sem alto risco cardiovascular, mas com troponina elevada, também exibiram associação significativa com o desfecho primário (OR 16,7; IC95% 4,45-62,74). Conclusão Em pacientes internados em terapia intensiva por COVID-19, a presença de alto risco cardiovascular afeta a mortalidade hospitalar somente em pacientes que apresentaram elevação de troponina.

Abstract Background Some studies have shown a higher prevalence of deaths in patients with cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) during hospitalization for COVID-19. Objectives To assess the impact of high cardiovascular risk in patients hospitalized in intensive care for COVID-19 Methods Retrospective study with patients admitted to an intensive care unit, with a diagnosis of COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR, and with at least one troponin measurement during hospitalization. The criteria for defining high cardiovascular risk (HCR) patients were: history of established cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease), diabetes, chronic kidney disease with clearance < 60ml/min, or presence of 3 CRFs (hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, or age > 65 years). The primary outcome of this study is all-cause in-hospital mortality. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results This study included 236 patients, mean age = 61.14±16.2 years, with 63.1% men, 55.5% hypertensive, and 33.1% diabetic; 47.4% of the patients also presented HCR. A significant increase in mortality was observed as the number of risk factors increased (0 FRC: 5.9%; 1 FRC: 17.5%; 2 FRC: 32.2% and ≥3 FRC: 41.2%; p=0.001). In the logistic regression adjusted for severity (SAPS3 score), the HCR and myocardial injury group had a higher occurrence of in-hospital mortality (OR 40.38; 95% CI 11.78-138.39). Patients without HCR but with myocardial injury also exhibited a significant association with the primary outcome (OR 16.7; 95% CI 4.45-62.74). Conclusion In patients hospitalized in intensive care for COVID-19, HCR impacts in-hospital mortality only in patients with myocardial injury.

Mortalidade por Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Intermediária / Mortality from Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction

Resumo Fundamento A importância prognóstica da classificação 'insuficiência cardíaca (IC) com fração de ejeção (FE) intermediária' permanece incerta. Objetivo Analisar as características clínicas, comorbidades, complicações e mortalidade hospitalar e tardia de pacientes classificados em IC com FE intermediária (ICFEi - FE: 40%-49%) e comparar às daqueles em IC com FE preservada (ICFEp - FE > 50%) e IC com FE reduzida (ICFEr - FE < 40%) na internação por IC descompensada. Métodos Coorte ambispectiva de pacientes internados por IC descompensada em unidade cardiointensiva. Foram avaliadas características clínicas, comorbidades, complicações e mortalidade hospitalar e tardia. Utilizou-se o software R, com significância de 5%, para a realização dos testes qui-quadrado, análises de variância, multivariada de Cox e curva de sobrevida de Kaplan Meier, além de técnicas de machine learning (Elastic Net, árvore de sobrevida). Resultados Foram incluídos 519 indivíduos entre setembro de 2011 e junho de 2019, com média da idade de 74,87±13,56 anos, sendo 57,6% homens. Observou-se frequência de ICFEp, ICFEi e ICFEr de 25,4%, 27% e 47,6%, respectivamente. O infarto prévio foi mais frequente na ICFEi. O tempo médio de seguimento foi 2,94±2,55 anos, sem diferença estatística da mortalidade entre os grupos (53,8%, 52,1% e 57,9%). Na curva de sobrevida, não houve diferença entre os grupos ICFEp e ICFEi, nem entre ICFEp e ICFEr, mas houve entre os grupos ICFEi e ICFEr. Idade maior que 77 anos, IC prévia, história de readmissão, demência e necessidade de vasopressores foram associadas com maior mortalidade tardia na árvore de sobrevida. Conclusão A FE não foi selecionada como variável associada a mortalidade nos pacientes com IC descompensada.

Abstract Background The prognostic importance of the classification 'heart failure (HF) with mid-range ejection fraction (EF)' remains uncertain. Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics, comorbidities, complications, and in-hospital and late mortality of patients classified as having HF with mid-range EF (HFmrEF - EF: 40%-49%), and to compare them to those of patients with HF with preserved EF (HFpEF - EF > 50%) and with HF with reduced EF (HFrEF - EF < 40%) on admission for decompensated HF. Methods Ambispective cohort of patients admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit due to decompensated HF. Clinical characteristics, comorbidities, complications, and in-hospital and late mortality were assessed. The software R was used, with a 5% significance, for the tests chi-square, analysis of variance, Cox multivariate, and Kaplan-Meier survival curve, in addition to machine-learning techniques (Elastic Net and survival tree). Results 519 individuals were included between September 2011 and June 2019 (mean age, 74.87 ± 13.56 years; 57.6% were men). The frequencies of HFpEF, HFmrEF and HFrEF were 25.4%, 27% and 47.6%, respectively. Previous infarction was more frequent in HFmrEF. The mean follow-up time was 2.94 ± 2.55 years, with no statistical difference in mortality between the groups (53.8%, 52.1%, 57.9%). In the survival curve, there was difference between neither the HFpEF and HFmrEF groups, nor the HFpEF and HFrEF groups, but between the HFmrEF and HFrEF groups. Age over 77 years, previous HF, history of readmission, dementia and need for vasopressors were associated with higher late mortality in the survival tree. Conclusion The EF was not selected as a variable associated with mortality in patients with decompensated HF.

Takotsubo Multicenter Registry (REMUTA) - Clinical Aspects, In-Hospital Outcomes, and Long-Term Mortality. / Registro Multicêntrico de Takotsubo (REMUTA) ­ Aspectos Clínicos, Desfechos Intra-Hospitalares e Mortalidade a Longo Prazo.

BACKGROUND: Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an acquired form of cardiomyopathy. National Brazilian data on this condition are scarce. The Takotsubo Multicenter Registry (REMUTA) is the first to include multicenter data on this condition in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics, prognosis, in-hospital treatment, in-hospital mortality, and mortality during 1 year of follow-up. METHODS: This is an observational, retrospective registry study including patients admitted to the hospital with diagnosis of TTS and patients admitted for other reasons who developed this condition. Evaluated outcomes included triggering factor, analysis of exams, use of medications, complications, in-hospital mortality, and mortality during 1 year of follow-up. A significance level of 5% was adopted. RESULTS: The registry included 169 patients from 12 centers in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mean age was 70.9 ± 14.1 years, and 90.5% of patients were female; 63% of cases were primary TTS, and 37% were secondary. Troponin I was positive in 92.5% of patients, and median BNP was 395 (176.5; 1725). ST-segment elevation was present in 28% of patients. Median left ventricular ejection fraction was 40 (35; 48)%. We observed invasive mechanical ventilation in 25.7% of cases and shock in 17.4%. Mechanical circulatory support was used in 7.7%. In-hospital mortality was 10.6%, and mortality at 1 year of follow-up was 16.5%. Secondary TTS and cardiogenic shock were independent predictors of mortality. CONCLUSION: The results of the REMUTA show that TTS is not a benign pathology, as was once thought, especially regarding the secondary TTS group, which has a high rate of complications and mortality. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(2):207-216).

FUNDAMENTO: A síndrome de takotsubo (takotsubo) é uma forma de cardiomiopatia adquirida. Dados nacionais sobre essa condição são escassos. O Registro REMUTA é o primeiro a incluir dados multicêntricos dessa condição no nosso país. OBJETIVO: Descrever as características clínicas, prognóstico, tratamento intra-hospitalar e mortalidade hospitalar e em 1 ano de seguimento. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, retrospectivo, tipo registro. Incluídos pacientes internados com diagnóstico de takotsubo ou que desenvolveram esta condição durante internação por outra causa. Os desfechos avaliados incluíram fator desencadeador, análise dos exames, uso de medicações, complicações e óbito intra-hospitalar e em 1 ano de seguimento. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 169 pacientes, em 12 centros no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A idade média foi de 70,9 ± 14,1 anos e 90,5% eram do sexo feminino; 63% dos casos foram de takotsubo primário e 37% secundário. Troponina I foi positiva em 92,5% dos pacientes e a mediana de BNP foi de 395 (176,5; 1725). Supradesnivelamento do segmento ST esteve presente em 28% dos pacientes. A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo teve mediana de 40 (35; 48)%. Observamos taxa de 25,7% de ventilação mecânica invasiva e 17,4% de choque. Suporte circulatório mecânico foi utilizado em 7,7%. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 10,6% e a mortalidade ao final de 1 ano foi de 16,5%. Takotsubo secundário e choque cardiogênico foram preditores independentes de mortalidade. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados do REMUTA mostram que takotsubo não se trata de patologia benigna como se pensava, especialmente no grupo de takotsubo secundário que acarreta elevada taxa de complicações e de mortalidade. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(2):207-216).

Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome: Which Diagnostic Criterion to Use And What is its Importance for Prognosis? / Síndrome Cardiorrenal Aguda: Qual Critério Diagnóstico Utilizar e sua Importância para o Prognóstico?

The absence of a consensus about the diagnostic criteria for acute cardiorenal syndrome (ACRS) affects its prognosis. This study aimed at assessing the diagnostic criteria for ACRS and their impact on prognosis. A systematic review was conducted using PRISMA methodology and PICO criteria in the MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS databases. The search included original publications, such as clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and meta-analyses, issued from January 1998 to June 2018. Neither literature nor heart failure guidelines provided a clear definition of the diagnostic criteria for ACRS. The serum creatinine increase by at least 0.3 mg/dL from baseline creatinine is the most used diagnostic criterion. However, the definition of baseline creatinine, as well as which serum creatinine should be used as reference for critical patients, is still controversial. This systematic review suggests that ACRS criteria should be revised to include the diagnosis of ACRS on hospital admission. Reference serum creatinine should reflect baseline renal function before the beginning of acute kidney injury.

Registro Multicêntrico de Takotsubo (REMUTA) - Aspectos Clínicos, Desfechos Intra-Hospitalares e Mortalidade a Longo Prazo / Takotsubo Multicenter Registry (REMUTA) - Clinical Aspects, In-Hospital Outcomes, and Long-Term Mortality

Resumo Fundamento A síndrome de takotsubo (takotsubo) é uma forma de cardiomiopatia adquirida. Dados nacionais sobre essa condição são escassos. O Registro REMUTA é o primeiro a incluir dados multicêntricos dessa condição no nosso país. Objetivo Descrever as características clínicas, prognóstico, tratamento intra-hospitalar e mortalidade hospitalar e em 1 ano de seguimento. Métodos Estudo observacional, retrospectivo, tipo registro. Incluídos pacientes internados com diagnóstico de takotsubo ou que desenvolveram esta condição durante internação por outra causa. Os desfechos avaliados incluíram fator desencadeador, análise dos exames, uso de medicações, complicações e óbito intra-hospitalar e em 1 ano de seguimento. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados Foram incluídos 169 pacientes, em 12 centros no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A idade média foi de 70,9 ± 14,1 anos e 90,5% eram do sexo feminino; 63% dos casos foram de takotsubo primário e 37% secundário. Troponina I foi positiva em 92,5% dos pacientes e a mediana de BNP foi de 395 (176,5; 1725). Supradesnivelamento do segmento ST esteve presente em 28% dos pacientes. A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo teve mediana de 40 (35; 48)%. Observamos taxa de 25,7% de ventilação mecânica invasiva e 17,4% de choque. Suporte circulatório mecânico foi utilizado em 7,7%. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 10,6% e a mortalidade ao final de 1 ano foi de 16,5%. Takotsubo secundário e choque cardiogênico foram preditores independentes de mortalidade. Conclusão Os resultados do REMUTA mostram que takotsubo não se trata de patologia benigna como se pensava, especialmente no grupo de takotsubo secundário que acarreta elevada taxa de complicações e de mortalidade. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(2):207-216)

Abstract Background Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an acquired form of cardiomyopathy. National Brazilian data on this condition are scarce. The Takotsubo Multicenter Registry (REMUTA) is the first to include multicenter data on this condition in Brazil. Objective To describe the clinical characteristics, prognosis, in-hospital treatment, in-hospital mortality, and mortality during 1 year of follow-up. Methods This is an observational, retrospective registry study including patients admitted to the hospital with diagnosis of TTS and patients admitted for other reasons who developed this condition. Evaluated outcomes included triggering factor, analysis of exams, use of medications, complications, in-hospital mortality, and mortality during 1 year of follow-up. A significance level of 5% was adopted. Results The registry included 169 patients from 12 centers in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mean age was 70.9 ± 14.1 years, and 90.5% of patients were female; 63% of cases were primary TTS, and 37% were secondary. Troponin I was positive in 92.5% of patients, and median BNP was 395 (176.5; 1725). ST-segment elevation was present in 28% of patients. Median left ventricular ejection fraction was 40 (35; 48)%. We observed invasive mechanical ventilation in 25.7% of cases and shock in 17.4%. Mechanical circulatory support was used in 7.7%. In-hospital mortality was 10.6%, and mortality at 1 year of follow-up was 16.5%. Secondary TTS and cardiogenic shock were independent predictors of mortality. Conclusion The results of the REMUTA show that TTS is not a benign pathology, as was once thought, especially regarding the secondary TTS group, which has a high rate of complications and mortality. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(2):207-216)

Síndrome Cardiorrenal Aguda: Qual Critério Diagnóstico Utilizar e sua Importância para o Prognóstico? / Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome: Which Diagnostic Criterion to Use And What is its Importance for Prognosis?

Resumo A indefinição de critérios diagnósticos para síndrome cardiorrenal aguda (SCRA) impacta em diferentes resultados prognósticos. Objetivou-se avaliar os critérios diagnósticos da SCRA e o impacto no prognóstico. Procedeu-se à revisão sistemática utilizando-se a metodologia PRISMA e os critérios PICO nas bases MEDLINE, EMBASE e LILACS. A pesquisa incluiu artigos originais do tipo ensaio clínico, coorte, caso-controle e meta-análises publicados no período de janeiro de 1998 até junho de 2018. Não foi encontrada na literatura nem nas diretrizes de insuficiência cardíaca uma definição clara dos critérios diagnósticos da SCRA. O critério diagnóstico mais comumente utilizado é o aumento da creatinina sérica de pelo menos 0,3 mg/dl em relação à basal. Entretanto, existem controvérsias na definição de creatinina basal e de qual deveria ser a creatinina sérica de referência dos pacientes críticos. Esta revisão sistemática sugere que os critérios de SCRA devem ser revistos para que se inclua o diagnóstico de SCRA na admissão hospitalar. A creatinina sérica de referência deve refletir a função renal basal antes do início da injúria renal aguda.

Abstract The absence of a consensus about the diagnostic criteria for acute cardiorenal syndrome (ACRS) affects its prognosis. This study aimed at assessing the diagnostic criteria for ACRS and their impact on prognosis. A systematic review was conducted using PRISMA methodology and PICO criteria in the MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS databases. The search included original publications, such as clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and meta-analyses, issued from January 1998 to June 2018. Neither literature nor heart failure guidelines provided a clear definition of the diagnostic criteria for ACRS. The serum creatinine increase by at least 0.3 mg/dL from baseline creatinine is the most used diagnostic criterion. However, the definition of baseline creatinine, as well as which serum creatinine should be used as reference for critical patients, is still controversial. This systematic review suggests that ACRS criteria should be revised to include the diagnosis of ACRS on hospital admission. Reference serum creatinine should reflect baseline renal function before the beginning of acute kidney injury.

Novos Horizontes para abordagem do infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST / New horizons for approach of ST-Segment elevation mycardial infarction

Nas últimas décadas, houve redução da mortalidade por infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) associada a um conjunto de ações que une avanços tecnológicos e políticas públicas. Entretanto, sua característica de doença tempo-dependente ainda é responsável por elevado número de casos de morte súbita e as consequências da reperfusão tardia ou ineficiente estão relacionadas à ocorrência de insuficiência cardíaca e maior morbimortalidade. Sob esse ponto de vista, foram revisados três diferentes aspectos: o impacto das arritmias ventriculares no atendimento pré-hospitalar; a influência do fator de Von Willebrand e o papel das micropartículas no diagnóstico da doença.

In the past decades, there was a reduction in mortality from ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) associated with a set of actions combining technological advances and public policies. However, its characteristic of a time-dependent disease is still responsible for a high number of cases of sudden death and the consequences of late or inefficient reperfusion are related to heart failure and increased morbidity and mortality. From this point of view, three different aspects were reviewed: the impact of ventricular arrhythmias in prehospital care; the influence of Von Willebrand factor and the role of microparticles in the diagnosis of the disease.

Assessment of Myocardial Infarction by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Long-Term Mortality / Avaliação do Infarto do Miocárdio pela Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca e Mortalidade em Longo Prazo

Background: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides detailed anatomical information on infarction. However, few studies have investigated the association of these data with mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Objective: To study the association between data regarding infarct size and anatomy, as obtained from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging after acute myocardial infarction, and long-term mortality. Methods: A total of 1959 reports of “infarct size” were identified in 7119 cardiac magnetic resonance imaging studies, of which 420 had clinical and laboratory confirmation of previous myocardial infarction. The variables studied were the classic risk factors – left ventricular ejection fraction, categorized ventricular function, and location of acute myocardial infarction. Infarct size and acute myocardial infarction extent and transmurality were analyzed alone and together, using the variable named “MET-AMI”. The statistical analysis was carried out using the elastic net regularization, with the Cox model and survival trees. Results: The mean age was 62.3 ± 12 years, and 77.3% were males. During the mean follow-up of 6.4 ± 2.9 years, there were 76 deaths (18.1%). Serum creatinine, diabetes mellitus and previous myocardial infarction were independently associated with mortality. Age was the main explanatory factor. The cardiac magnetic resonance imaging variables independently associated with mortality were transmurality of acute myocardial infarction (p = 0.047), ventricular dysfunction (p = 0.0005) and infarcted size (p = 0.0005); the latter was the main explanatory variable for ischemic heart disease death. The MET-AMI variable was the most strongly associated with risk of ischemic heart disease death (HR: 16.04; 95%CI: 2.64-97.5; p = 0.003). Conclusion: The anatomical data of infarction, obtained from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging after acute myocardial infarction, were independently ...

Fundamento: A ressonância magnética cardíaca fornece informações anatômicas detalhadas do infarto, porém poucos estudos investigaram a associação desses dados com mortalidade pós-infarto agudo do miocárdio. Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre os dados de anatomia e magnitude do infarto, obtidos da ressonância magnética cardíaca pós-infarto agudo do miocárdio, e mortalidade em longo prazo. Métodos: Foram identificados 1.959 laudos com “massa infartada” em 7.119 exames de ressonância magnética cardíaca, dos quais 420 possuíam documentação clínica e laboratorial de infarto agudo do miocárdio prévio. As variáveis estudadas foram os fatores de risco clássicos, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, função ventricular categorizada e localização do infarto agudo do miocárdio. Massa infartada, extensão e transmuralidade do infarto agudo do miocárdio foram analisadas de maneira isolada e conjuntamente, pela variável denominada “MET-IAM”. A análise estatística foi feita pelo elastic net regularization, pelo modelo de Cox e por árvores de sobrevida. Resultados: A idade média foi 62,3 ± 12 anos, sendo 77,3% de homens. Durante o seguimento de 6,4 ± 2,9 anos, foram identificados 76 óbitos (18,1%). Creatinina sérica, diabetes melito e infarto agudo do miocárdio prévio demonstraram associação independente com mortalidade. A idade foi o principal fator explicativo. As variáveis da ressonância magnética cardíaca que se associaram de forma independente com a mortalidade foram: transmuralidade do infarto agudo do miocárdio (p = 0,047), disfunção ventricular (p = 0,0005) e massa infartada (p = 0,0005) − sendo essa última a principal variável explicativa para morte por doença isquêmica cardíaca. A variável MET-IAM exibiu a maior associação de risco para morte por doença isquêmica cardíaca (HR: 16,04; IC95%: 2,64-97,5; p = 0,003). Conclusão: Os dados anatômicos do infarto obtidos da ressonância magnética cardíaca pós-infarto ...

Assessment of myocardial infarction by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and long-term mortality.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides detailed anatomical information on infarction. However, few studies have investigated the association of these data with mortality after acute myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVE: To study the association between data regarding infarct size and anatomy, as obtained from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging after acute myocardial infarction, and long-term mortality. METHODS: A total of 1959 reports of "infarct size" were identified in 7119 cardiac magnetic resonance imaging studies, of which 420 had clinical and laboratory confirmation of previous myocardial infarction. The variables studied were the classic risk factors - left ventricular ejection fraction, categorized ventricular function, and location of acute myocardial infarction. Infarct size and acute myocardial infarction extent and transmurality were analyzed alone and together, using the variable named "MET-AMI". The statistical analysis was carried out using the elastic net regularization, with the Cox model and survival trees. RESULTS: The mean age was 62.3 ± 12 years, and 77.3% were males. During the mean follow-up of 6.4 ± 2.9 years, there were 76 deaths (18.1%). Serum creatinine, diabetes mellitus and previous myocardial infarction were independently associated with mortality. Age was the main explanatory factor. The cardiac magnetic resonance imaging variables independently associated with mortality were transmurality of acute myocardial infarction (p = 0.047), ventricular dysfunction (p = 0.0005) and infarcted size (p = 0.0005); the latter was the main explanatory variable for ischemic heart disease death. The MET-AMI variable was the most strongly associated with risk of ischemic heart disease death (HR: 16.04; 95%CI: 2.64-97.5; p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: The anatomical data of infarction, obtained from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging after acute myocardial infarction, were independently associated with long-term mortality, especially for ischemic heart disease death.

Clinical outcomes at 30 days in the Brazilian Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACCEPT).

BACKGROUND: There are few registries documenting clinical practice in Brazilian patients with acute coronary syndrome. OBJECTIVES: Demography description, occurrence of major clinical adverse events and comparative analysis in patients submitted or not to an invasive strategy (coronary angiography and myocardial revascularization) in a Brazilian multicenter registry of acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: The ACCEPT/SBC registry prospectively collected data on acute coronary syndrome patients from 47 Brazilian hospitals. The current analysis reports the occurrence of major clinical outcomes and according to the performance or not of a procedure for myocardial revascularization at the end of 30 day follow-up. RESULTS: Between August 2010 and December 2011, 2.485 patients were enrolled in this registry. Of these, 31.6% had unstable angina, 34.9% and 33.4% had acute coronary syndrome without and with ST-segment elevation. At 30 days, the performance of a myocardial revascularization procedure was progressively higher according to the severity of clinical presentation (38.7% vs. 53.6% vs. 77.7%, p < 0.001). Cardiac mortality among those submitted or not to myocardial revascularization procedure was 1.0% vs. 2.3% (p = 0.268), 1.9% vs. 4.2% (p = 0.070) and 2.0% vs. 8.1% (p < 0.001), in those with unstable angina, acute coronary syndrome without and with ST-segment elevation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The prescription of a myocardial revascularization procedure was progressively more frequent according to the severity of clinical presentation; for those treated during acute coronary syndrome without and with ST-segment elevation, there was a trend and significant decrease in mortality rate at 30 day of follow-up, respectively.

Desfechos clínicos aos 30 dias do registro brasileiro das síndromes coronárias agudas (ACCEPT) / Clinical outcomes at 30 days in the brazilian registry of acute coronary syndromes (ACCEPT)

FUNDAMENTO: São escassos os registros documentando a prática clínica brasileira na vigência de uma síndrome coronária aguda. OBJETIVOS: Descrição da demografia, ocorrência de desfechos graves e análise comparativa dentre aqueles que efetivaram ou não uma estratégia invasiva (cinecoronariografia e revascularização miocárdica) em um registro brasileiro multicêntrico de portadores de uma síndrome coronária aguda. MÉTODOS: O registro ACCEPT/SBC coletou prospectivamente, em 47 centros hospitalares brasileiros, pacientes na vigência de uma síndrome coronária aguda. Apresentamos a ocorrência de desfechos clínicos graves, de modo integral, e de acordo com a submissão ou não a um procedimento de revascularização do miocárdio ao final dos primeiros 30 dias de seguimento. RESULTADOS: De agosto de 2010 até dezembro de 2011, 2.485 pacientes foram incluídos neste registro. Destes, 31,6% eram portadores de angina instável e 34,9% e 33,4%, com síndrome sem e com supradesnível do segmento ST. Aos 30 dias, a submissão a procedimento de revascularização do miocárdio foi progressivamente maior de acordo com a gravidade da apresentação clínica (38,7% versus 53,6% versus 77,7%; p < 0,001). A ocorrência de mortalidade cardíaca, dentre aqueles submetidos ou não à revascularização miocárdica, foi de 1,0% versus 2,3% (p = 0,268), 1,9% versus 4,2% (p = 0,070) e 2,0% versus 8,1% (p < 0,001), angina instável, síndrome sem e com supradesnível do segmento ST, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: A prescrição de revascularização do miocárdio foi progressivamente mais frequente de acordo com a gravidade da apresentação clínica; naqueles atendidos na vigência de síndrome coronária sem e com supradesnível do segmento ST, promoveu tendência e redução significativa da mortalidade, aos 30 dias, respectivamente.

BACKGROUND: There are few registries documenting clinical practice in Brazilian patients with acute coronary syndrome. OBJECTIVES: Demography description, occurrence of major clinical adverse events and comparative analysis in patients submitted or not to an invasive strategy (coronary angiography and myocardial revascularization) in a Brazilian multicenter registry of acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: The ACCEPT/SBC registry prospectively collected data on acute coronary syndrome patients from 47 Brazilian hospitals. The current analysis reports the occurrence of major clinical outcomes and according to the performance or not of a procedure for myocardial revascularization at the end of 30 day follow-up. RESULTS: Between August 2010 and December 2011, 2.485 patients were enrolled in this registry. Of these, 31.6% had unstable angina, 34.9% and 33.4% had acute coronary syndrome without and with ST-segment elevation. At 30 days, the performance of a myocardial revascularization procedure was progressively higher according to the severity of clinical presentation (38.7% vs. 53.6% vs. 77.7%, p < 0.001). Cardiac mortality among those submitted or not to myocardial revascularization procedure was 1.0% vs. 2.3% (p = 0.268), 1.9% vs. 4.2% (p = 0.070) and 2.0% vs. 8.1% (p < 0.001), in those with unstable angina, acute coronary syndrome without and with ST-segment elevation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The prescription of a myocardial revascularization procedure was progressively more frequent according to the severity of clinical presentation; for those treated during acute coronary syndrome without and with ST-segment elevation, there was a trend and significant decrease in mortality rate at 30 day of follow-up, respectively.

Humanização na unidade cardio-intensiva: o cuidado sob a ótica do paciente / Humanización de cardio intensivo unidad: cuidados desde la perspectiva del paciente / Humanization in cardio-intensive unit: care from the perspective of the patient

Analisar a percepção de pacientes sobre a humanização da assistência hospitalar em uma Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Cardiológicos. Métodos: Estudo transversal com abordagem qualitativa dos dados coletados através do preenchimento de um questionário respondido por 30 sujeitos de pesquisa. Resultados: Evidenciamos características favoráveis e desfavoráveis em relação ao cuidado humanizado. Características favoráveis: ouvir (85%), tocar (90%) e identificar o paciente pelo nome (93%). Características desfavoráveis: temperatura do ambiente (43%), barulho no setor (33%) e a falta de informação do seu estado de saúde/doença (16%). Conclusão: Foram apontados como fatores para humanização da assistência hospitalar segundo a percepção de pacientes internados em uma unidade de cuidados cardio-intensivos aspectos relacionados a afetividade e a individualização no tratamento. Nos depoimentos fica claro que o paciente, ao falar de humanização, reconhece o humano no outro que se traduz por um cuidado com carinho, atenção, paciência e respeito.

Analizar la percepción de los pacientes en la humanización de la atención en una unidad de cuidados intensivos cardiológicos. Métodos: Estudio transversal con datos cualitativos recogidos mediante la cumplimentación de un cuestionario contestado por 30 sujetos de la investigación. Resultados: Características favorables: escuchar (85%), jugar (90%) e identificar el nombre del paciente (93%). Características desfavorables: temperatura ambiente (43%), el ruido en el sector (33%) y la falta de información sobre su estado de salud / enfermedad (16%). Conclusión: Se identificaron como factores para la humanización de la atención de acuerdo a las percepciones de los pacientes ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos de cardio-aspectos de la afectividad y la individualización del tratamiento. En las entrevistas queda claro que el paciente, al hablar de la humanización, la otra reconoce en el hombre que se traduce en una preocupación por el afecto, atención, paciencia y respeto.

Objective: To analyze the perception of patients on the humanization of hospital care in a cardiac intensive care unit. Methods: A cross-sectional study with qualitative data collected through the completion of a questionnaire answered by 30 research subjects. Results: Evidence favorable and unfavorable characteristics in relation to humanized care. Favorable characteristics: listening (85%), play (90%) and identify the patient by name (93%). unfavorable characteristics: room temperature (43%), noise in the sector (33%) and lack of information on your state of health / disease (16%). Conclusion: Were identified as factors for the humanization of hospital care according to the perceptions of patients admitted to a care unit, cardio-intensive aspects of affectivity and individualization of treatment. In interviews it is clear that the patient, in speaking of humanization, the other recognizes the human which translates into a concern for affection, attention, patience and respect.